Use the feedback form to suggest corrections or additions to this directory of Web sites on the Black Seminoles and other broadly related topics, such as African American history, image research, and historical Internet sites.

• Black Indians
• Black Seminoles
  • General sites & info
  • Seminole Scouts
  • Buffalo Soldiers
  • News stories
• Seminole Indians & Wars
• Native Americans
• Slavery & African Americans
  • Maroons
  • Slave revolts
  • Other related sites

• Resources for research
  • Online books & articles
  • Image collections & archives
• Heritage Sites & Museums
  • Florida
  • Indian Territory
  • Texas

• Black Indians
  • The African-Native American History & Genealogy Webpage
    Includes entries on John Horse, Seminole freedmen, and other topics relating to Black Indians.
  • Blackindians.com
  • Estelusti: The Oklahoma Freedmen
  • Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes, Black Indians
  • William Loren Katz home page
    Best resource for learning about Katz's work on Black Indians and the Black West.

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• Black Seminoles
  • General sites and information
    • Black Seminole Indians
      Entry on the Black Seminoles by Tracé Etienne Gray, from the Handbook of Texas Online.
    • Black Seminoles in Texas and Mexico
      A documentary site from the Institute of Texan Cultures.
    • Black Seminoles, Maroons & Freedom Seekers in Florida
      A 5-part series from the University of Southern Florida Africana Heritage project.
    • Caballo, Juan
      Biographical entry on John Horse by Doug Sivad, from the Handbook of Texas Online.
    • The Estelusti Foundation
      Dedicated to news and information on the freedmen of the Oklahoma Indian Territory.
    • Looking for Angola
      Companion site to PBS documentary on archeological discovery of Angola, a maroon and Black Seminole site in Sarasota County, Florida—great images, interviews, resources for teachers.
    • Seminole Indians of Mexico & Texas: The Muskoga
    • SISCA - Seminole Indian Scouts Cemetery Association
      Site with articles, links, history and more—the association, located in Brackettville, Texas, is the center of the Black Seminole community.
    • Sofki - Born in Slavery
      Excerpt from a slave narrative of the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938.

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  • Seminole Scouts
    • Black Seminole Scouts
      Entry on the Scouts by Michael Tate, from the Handbook of Texas Online.
    • Fort Clark and the Rio Grande Frontier
      Web documentary on Fort Clark detailing many chapters from the history of the Scouts, with excellent images. This is part of an overall section on "Nineteenth-Century Forts and the Clash of Cultures on the Texas Frontier," from Texas Beyond History at The University of Texas at Austin.
    • Seminole Indian Scouts
      Segment from Black Seminoles in Texas and Mexico, a Web site from the University of Texas Institute of Texas Cultures at San Antonio.
    • Seminole Negro
      Entry on the Scouts at the Fort Clark Museum Web site.
    • Seminole Negro Indian Scouts, by Lest We Forget Communications
    • Seminole-Negro Indian Scouts
      Entry from Buffalosoldier.net.

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  • Buffalo Soldiers (with related info)
    • Buffalo Soldiers & Indian Wars
      Main page of Buffalosoldier.net.
    • Buffalo Soldiers -- Medal of Honor Winners
      Sub-site of the Texas Parks & Wildlife site on the history of the Buffalo Soldiers.
    • Buffalo Soldiers of History
      Overview from VisionQuest®, a national youth services organization.
    • Buffalo Soldiers: Who are the Buffalo Soldiers?
      Overview from Buffalosoldiers.com.
    • TXPW: Texas Buffalo Soldiers
      Comprehensive site with history, images, resources for learning more, and information on outreach and activities in the schools, from the Community Outreach Project of the Texas Parks & Wildlife Department.

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  • News stories
    • See News related to the Black Seminoles.

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• Seminole Indians & the Seminole Wars
  • American Military Strategy in the Second Seminole War
    A thesis submitted to the faculty of the Marine Corps Command and Staff College by John C. White, Major United States Marine Corps—focused on strategy. this is one of the best analyses available on the war.
  • Amos Beebe Eaton Papers
    Soldier's Journal of the Second Seminole War.
  • Handbook of Texas Online: Coacoochee (Wild Cat)
    Biographical entry by Donald A. Swanson, from the Handbook of Texas Online.
  • Handbook of Texas Online: Seminole Indians
    Entry by Jeffrey D. Carlisle from the Handbook of Texas Online.
  • Seminoles History @ Florida OCHP
    Overview from the State of Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs.
  • Seminole Nation Museum
    In Wewoka, Oklahoma.
  • Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
    Official homepage for the Oklahoma branch of the Seminoles.
  • Seminole Tribe of Florida
    Official home of the Florida Seminole Indians.
  • Seminole Wars Historic Foundation Inc.
    An organization dedicated to preserving significant sites involved in the Seminole Wars, establishing educational programs about their importance, and publishing pertinent material relating to the wars.

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• Native Americans (beyond the Seminoles but related)
  • American Indian Studies
  • Among the Creeks
    Carol Middleton's detailed site on the history of the Creeks in the Southeast, with a sub-site on the Creek War, profiles of famous chiefs, and much more.
  • Creek Treaties Related to Georgia
  • Florida of the Indians
    From the Floridians section of the Florida History Internet Center.
  • Georgia Before Oglethorpe
    Resource Guide to Georgia's Early Colonial History: 1521-1733, at LostWorlds.org.
  • Kappler's Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties
    Complete, online version of Kappler's two-volume work from Oklahoma State University.
  • The Texas Kickapoo
    Kickapoo Indians joined the Seminole allies in their 1850 migration to Mexico and descendants still live alongside the Black Seminoles in Coahuila.

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• Slavery & African Americans
  • Maroons
    • Art Representations of Resistance
    • Creativity and Resistance: Maroon culture in the Americas Series of essays from leading scholars, presented by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service in collaboration with the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage.
    • Looking for Angola
      Companion site to PBS documentary on archeological discovery of Angola, a maroon and Black Seminole site in Sarasota County, Florida—great images, interviews, resources for teachers.
    • Myths and Dreams Exploring the Cultural Legacies of Florida and the Caribbean

      

  • Slave revolts
    • AFRO-Americ@ Black Resistance: Major slave revolts.
      A standard list of major slave revolts omitting (as of June 18, 2005) the Black Seminole uprising, the largest in American history.
    • Cherokee Slave Revolt of 1842
      Essay by Art. T. Burton.
    • Death or Liberty Exhibition - The Library of Virginia
      Interesting site on the nationally significant rebellions in Virginia led by Gabriel Prosser, Nat Turner, and John Brown.
    • Enslave African Resistance and Revolts
      From the Afrocentric Experience, another list omitting the Black Seminoles.
    • Slave revolts and rebellions
      Standard reference list, from Long Island University
    • South Carolina - African-Americans - 1525-1865
      Historical resource from South Carolina's Information Highway.

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  • Other related sites
    • Abolition & Slavery links
      List of Web sites on African Americans, Abolition, and Slavery, from the United States Civil War Center.
    • Africans in America
      One of the best sites on the African American experience under slavery, also one of the best historical documentary sites around.
    • The African-American Mosaic Exhibition (Library of Congress)
    • CDC Black Loyalists
      From Canada's Digital Collections, a history of blacks loyal to the British who fled to Canada after the American Revolution.
    • Fort Mose
      The latest site from the Fort Mose Historical Society.
    • The Freedmen's Bureau Online - Black History - American History
    • Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition
      Yale center directed by Prof. David W. Blight dedicated to the investigation and dissemination of knowledge concerning all aspects of chattel slavery and its destruction.
    • Lest we Forget
      This great resource presents original research and features extensive links to historical and cultural sites on American heroes from a diversity of cultures, with an emphasis on the African-American experience.
    • Museum of Afro American History
      In addition to the museum's online exhibits, this site features a good comprehensive set of links to sites on African American history.
    • Web Resources on Slavery, C.W. Post Library

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• Resources for further research
  • Online books, documents, and journals
    • Andrew Jackson's Case for the Removal of Indians
    • Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation
      Library of Congress resource presenting complete, online texts of the Annals of Congress, House & Senate Journals, Register of Debates, the Congressional Globe, and other key government texts from 1774-1873.
    • Documents in Military History
    • Florida Historical Quarterly online
      Index of digital versions of Florida Historical Quarterly from the Florida Heritage Collection.
    • Florida Heritage Collection
      Offers free online copies of 19th century works in the public domain, including Giddings' Exiles of Florida.
    • Floridiana on the Web
      Selection of digital texts and resources, including 20 volumes of the journal Tampa Bay History.
    • Making of America - Cornell University
      More free online copies of public domain texts, including Giddings' Speeches.
    • Oklahoma Historical Society's Chronicles of Oklahoma
    • Seminole Wars, 1836 - McCall letter
      From Floripedia, a letter of May 1, 1836, from First Lieutenant George A. McCall, 4th US Infantry, describing events during the Second Seminole War.

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  • Image collections & archives
    • African American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship
      Library of Congress site showcasing their African American collections.
    • American Historical Images On File - Native American
      From Indians of North America. See the parent collection as well.
    • American Memory from the Library of Congress
      Fantastic site with access to high-quality copies of many free and public domain images from the Library of Congress and participating government agencies.
    • Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas: A Visual Record
      Online collection of a thousand images relating to the period of slavery offered as a resource for teachers, researchers, students, and the general public.
    • Florida Photographic Collection
      Wonderful resource from the Florida state government.
    • Henry Luce III Center for the Study of American Culture
      Great collection from the New York Historical Society offering much public domain material and a wealth of information.
    • McKenney & Hall Portrait Gallery of American Indians
      Commercial site from the Philadelphia Print Shop offering an overview of the McKenney & Hall images, with background info, provenance, and originals for sale.
    • New York Public Library's Digital Schomburg: Images of African Americans from the 19th century
    • Seminole War Chiefs
      Notes on the Seminole images in the McKenney & Hall series, from the Micanopy Historical Society.
    • Smithsonian American Art Museum
      The principal repository for the paintings of Catlin and many other seminal American artists and home to the National Portrait Gallery.
    • TP: Images of American Political History

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	Also see map of select sites

• Heritage Sites & Museums
  • Florida
    • Aboard the Underground Railroad--British Fort
    • Aboard the Underground Railroad--Fort Mose Site
    • Castillo De San Marcos National Monument (National Park Service)
    • Dunlawton Sugar Mill Botanical Gardens
    • Dunlawton Sugar Mill Plantation Ruins
    • Florida's Historic Places Atlas @ Florida OCHP
    • Florida Historical Markers Program
    • Florida Museum of Natural History
    • Florida State Parks - Bulow Plantation Ruins State Historic Site
    • Florida State Parks - Dade Battlefield State Historic Site
    • Florida State Parks - Paynes Prairie State Preserve
    • Florida State Parks - Suwannee River State Park
    • Florida State Parks - Withlacoochee State Trail
    • Friends of Paynes Prairie
    • Lake Okeechobee and the Okeechobee Waterway
    • Negro Fort - Ghost Town
    • Okeechobee Battlefield
    • The Search for the Sunken Spanish Fort Picolata
    • Seminole Tribe of Florida Tribal Enterprises
      Links to six reservation sites, including Big Cypress, home of the Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum, and Hollywood, headquarters for the tribe and site of the Seminole Indian Okalee Village.
    • Tampa Bay History Center Online
    • Travels of William Bartram
      Official site of the Bartram Trail Conference, Inc.

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  • Indian Territory (Arkansas & Oklahoma)
    • Five Civilized Tribes Museum
      In Muskogee, Oklahoma.
    • Fort Gibson Historic Site
      Fort Gibson, Oklahoma.
    • Fort Smith National Historic Site
      Fort Smith, Arkansas.
    • Gilcrease Museum
      Tulsa, Oklahoma - "The museum of the Americas."
    • Seminole Nation of Oklahoma

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  • Texas
    • Fort Clark Springs
      Resort, on the grounds of the old fort, housing a small but very worthwhile museum showcasing the history of the Seminole Scouts, along with other items on the history of the Black Seminoles and the fort.
    • Fort Clark Virtual Museum
      Overview with pages on the Black Seminoles and the fort.
    • Fort Davis National Historic Site (National Park Service)
    • Fort Duncan Museum
      Along with Fort Clark, Fort Duncan one of the principal locations where the Seminole Scouts served in the U.S. Army. Located in Eagle Pass, Texas.
    • Fort Duncan
      This page from Lest We Forget details some of the history of the Scouts at Fort Duncan.
    • Seminole Indian Scouts Cemetery Association
      Center of the Black Seminole community in the Southwest, in Brackettville, Texas.
    • The University of Texas Institute of Texan Cultures
      Major history museum in San Antonio, geared toward all ages, with exhibits and holdings relating to the Black Seminoles.
    • Welcome to Brackettville, Kinney County, Texas
      Gateway page for information about Brackettville, center of Black Seminole history in Texas and the site of the Fort Clark Museum and the Seminole Indian Scouts Cemetery.

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